Most modern languages are written left to right—like this very sentence. But this is far from the only way it’s done.
Some languages are just the opposite, right to left. Other languages don’t run horizontally at all. And historically, there were even writing systems that changed which way they went from line to line.
Does all this have you turned around? We’ll point you in the, er, right direction.
Types of writing systems
The direction of a writing system is called directionality. Writing systems that go from left to right are sometimes referred to as sinistrodextral, based on Latin roots for left (sinister) and right (dexter). Dextrosinistral is the reverse, right to left.
There are many types of writing systems, also called a script. A great many use an alphabet, which uses symbols (letters) to represents the sounds (phonemes) of that language.
One of the oldest writing systems dating back to around 3500 b.c. in ancient Sumer. It began as pictographs—picture-like symbols representing objects—and evolved into the wedge-like cuneiform.
Other languages employ what’s called a syllabary, where each symbol represents a syllable of a language. Many Native American languages, such as Cree, use a syllabary. Japanese uses syllabic characters and characters based on Chinese. Chinese uses a partly logographic and phonetic writing system. A logograph, also called a logogram, is a symbol that represents an entire word.
Yet other languages, like Hindi, uses a script called Devanagari, which blends alphabetic and syllabic elements.
English uses the Latin alphabet, which was used by the ancient Romans. The Latin alphabet is principally descended from the Greek alphabet, in turn from the Phoenician alphabet and Egyptian hieroglyphs before it.
Why is English written from left to right?
Old English was originally written in the runic alphabet, called futhark. Runes are an ancient writing system whose origins are mysterious, but its earliest inscriptions run right to left. So, how did English change from left to right?
By the end of the 1100s, the Latin alphabet—which is written left to right—had replaced writing in runes due to the spread of Roman Christianity throughout Europe. Once English changed to the Latin alphabet, writing and reading direction changed too.
What languages are written from right to left?
The Phoenician alphabet is also ultimately parent to the Arabic and Hebrew alphabets, via the Aramaic alphabet. Both of these are written from right to left.
מנחה למי שסיים אתמול את "ווצ'מן" (1): שיחה עם דיימון לינדלוף שקשה לי להצמיד לה סופרלטיב מרוב שהיא מעניינת https://t.co/dIpsRrl67V
— Niv Hadas (@NivHadas) December 17, 2019
The Arabic alphabet has been adapted for a number of other languages, notably including Persian, Sindhi, and Urdu.
Other languages that use right-to-left scripts (and often based on Arabic) include the writing systems of Kurdish, Azerbaijani, Rohingya, Fulani (in parts of Africa), and Divehi, in the Maldives.
#Urdu uses a modified version of the #Arabic alphabet, with several additional letters for sounds of #SouthAsia not present in Arabic. It evolved around 12th century. #Persian, #Pashto, and some other languages also use a modified Arabic alphabet.
Infographic by @QFIntl pic.twitter.com/KfAowYeSgM— REHMA 🌏 languages (@rehmaco) December 18, 2018
What other directions are languages written in?
Throughout Asia, we can find writing systems written in other directions.
Mongolian is written top to bottom, moving from left to right. It’s not horizontal. Nor are some of the traditional or historic scripts found in the Philippines (e.g., Batak) and Indonesia (e.g., Tagbanwa).
A 19th century Mongolian novel, manuscript on native paper. Part of the "Tabun ǰuwan" (Five Tales) in Mongolian script. Dated to the first day of the tenth lunar month in the year of Blue Rat (in cyclical Chinese signs, the year jiǎzǐ 甲子), which equates to either 1864 or 1924. pic.twitter.com/B0M0PhlMba
— Incunabula (@incunabula) March 31, 2019
Chinese and Japanese are both written vertically from right to left, though they are also commonly written horizontally from left to right.
Chinese writing traditionally is vertical, top to bottom columns, going right to left. In the mainland they mostly switched to left-to-right horizontal, but not in Taiwan, that also means books have their spine on the right 47/ pic.twitter.com/sXp5AXU0Sw
— Arne Brasseur (@plexus) April 3, 2018
And ancient Greek writing was boustrophedon, an ancient method of writing in which the lines run alternately from right to left and from left to right. The word literally means “ox-turning,” as in plowing.
Fragmentary boustrophedon inscription (code of law) in the agora of Gortyn. #history pic.twitter.com/xnJugBwQSa
— GroovyHistorian (@GroovyHistorian) December 31, 2016
So, why are different languages written in different directions?
Researchers aren’t exactly sure why writing systems settled into the directions they did.
One theory is that it depended on how the language was historically written down. East Asian languages, it’s suggested, were recorded on bamboo scrolls, and it was easier for the right hand (most people are right-handed) to make characters by going from top to bottom and right to left, with the left managing the paper.
Middle Eastern languages, again as it’s suggested, favored stone, it being easier to chisel right to left horizontally. With ink, suggestions continue, moving left to right prevented smudging. But again, these are only theories; evidence is lacking.
Certainly! I'm a linguistic enthusiast with a deep understanding of various writing systems and their historical developments. I've studied the evolution of scripts, their cultural influences, and the reasons behind the diverse directions in which languages are written. My knowledge stems from extensive research and an ongoing interest in the field of linguistics and writing systems.
The article you provided touches upon the fascinating diversity of writing systems across different languages. Here's an overview of the concepts discussed:
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Directionality in Writing Systems:
- Languages are written in different directions, primarily left-to-right (sinistrodextral) or right-to-left (dextrosinistral).
- Some writing systems do not follow a horizontal pattern at all.
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Types of Writing Systems:
- Alphabetic Systems: Utilize symbols (letters) to represent sounds (phonemes) in the language. The Latin alphabet, derived from the Greek, Phoenician, and Egyptian hieroglyphs, is widely used in English.
- Syllabaries: Symbols represent syllables of a language. For instance, Japanese uses a combination of syllabic characters and Chinese-based characters.
- Logographic Systems: Symbols represent entire words. Chinese characters employ a partly logographic and phonetic system.
- Hybrid Systems: Scripts like Devanagari in Hindi blend alphabetic and syllabic elements.
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Historical Development:
- The ancient Sumerian cuneiform system started as pictographs and evolved into wedge-like symbols.
- English transitioned from the runic futhark to the Latin alphabet due to the spread of Roman Christianity in Europe.
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Right-to-Left Writing:
- Languages like Arabic, Hebrew, and their derivatives use right-to-left scripts derived from the Phoenician alphabet.
- Urdu, Persian, and other languages use modified versions of the Arabic script.
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Other Directions in Writing:
- Mongolian is written top-to-bottom from left to right.
- Traditional scripts in the Philippines (e.g., Batak) and Indonesia (e.g., Tagbanwa) do not follow horizontal patterns.
- Chinese and Japanese can be written vertically from right to left or horizontally from left to right.
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Boustrophedon and Unusual Writing Styles:
- Ancient Greek employed the boustrophedon method, where lines alternated between right-to-left and left-to-right.
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Theories Behind Writing Directionality:
- The direction of writing might have been influenced by historical materials (bamboo scrolls, stone), ease of writing (to prevent smudging ink), and cultural practices.
- The exact reasons for these directional preferences are still debated among researchers, lacking concrete evidence.
The rich variety of writing systems across languages offers a glimpse into the intricate relationship between language, culture, historical practices, and the evolution of human communication.
